Science and technology indicators are crucial for monitoring scientific and technological development, and useful for formulating, adjusting and implementing S&T policies. Indicators are normally used to monitor global technological trends, conduct foresight exercises, and determine specific areas of investment.

The main objectives of this exercise will be to:

• Reflect the level and structure of the national efforts undertaken by 15 fifteen countries and assess the trends and developments in S&T;
• identify the challenges faced by different agencies in the economy in conducting S&T activities;
• compare where countries stand internationally;
• propose recommendations for the continued developments of S&T in the respective countries;

The below list includes indicators focused on gross domestic expenditure on R&D, as well as data on human relations capacity and statistics based on sectors, business expenditure, government investment, educational resources, patents, and international trade. This list provides a robust indication of the types of data the research will draw on. Additional indicators may also be considered as appropriate, including broader economic and educational measures, statistics on talent flows, international collaborations, literacy, as well as data on mobile phone usage and broadband infrastructure.

Indicators by subject:

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD):

1. Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D -- GERD (million current PPP $)

1.a. GERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

2. GERD as a percentage of GDP

3. GERD -- (million 2000 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

3.a. GERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

4. GERD per capita population (current PPP $)

5. Estimated Civil GERD as a percentage of GDP

6. Basic research expenditure as a percentage of GDP

R&D Personnel (FTE):

7. Total researchers (FTE)

7.a. Total researchers -- Compound annual growth rate

8. Total researchers per thousand total employment

8.a. Total researchers per thousand labour force

9. Total R&D personnel (FTE)

9.a. Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

10. Total R&D personnel per thousand total employment

10.a Total R&D personnel per thousand labour force

GERD by source of funds:

11. Industry-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP

12. Government-financed GERD as a percentage of GDP

13. Percentage of GERD financed by industry

14. Percentage of GERD financed by government

15. Percentage of GERD financed by other national sources

16. Percentage of GERD financed by abroad

GERD by performance sectors:

17. Percentage of GERD performed by the Business Enterprise sector

18. Percentage of GERD performed by the Higher Education sector

19. Percentage of GERD performed by the Government sector

20. Percentage of GERD performed by the Private Non-Profit sector

Researchers (headcount):

21. Total researchers (headcount)

21.a. Women researchers (headcount)

22. Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

22.a. Business Enterprise Sector: Total researchers (headcount)

22.b. Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers (headcount)

22.c. Business Enterprise Sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

22.d. Government Sector: Total researchers (headcount)

22.e. Government Sector: Women researchers (headcount)

22.f. Government Sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

22.g. Higher Education sector: Total researchers (headcount)

22.h. Higher Education sector: Women researchers (headcount)

22.i. Higher Education sector: Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers (based on headcount)

Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D (BERD):

23. Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D -- BERD (million current PPP $)

23.a. BERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

24. BERD as a percentage of GDP

25. BERD -- (million 2000 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

25.a. BERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

26. BERD as a percentage of value added in industry

Business Enterprise R&D Personnel (FTE):

27. Business Enterprise researchers (FTE)

27.a. Business Enterprise researchers -- Compound annual growth rate

28. Business Enterprise researchers as a percentage of national total

29. Business Enterprise researchers per thousand employment in industry

30. Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel (FTE)

30.a. Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

31. Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel as a percentage of national total

32. Total Business Enterprise R&D personnel per thousand employment in industry

BERD by source of funds:

33. Industry-financed BERD -- (million 2000 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

33a. Industry-financed BERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

34. Industry-financed BERD as a percentage of value added in industry

35. Percentage of BERD financed by industry

36. Percentage of BERD financed by government

37. Percentage of BERD financed by other national sources

38. Percentage of BERD financed by abroad

BERD performed in selected industries:

39. BERD performed in the aerospace industry (million current PPP $)

39.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the aerospace industry

40. BERD performed in the electronic industry (million current PPP $)

40.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the electronic industry

41. BERD performed in the office machinery and computer industry (million current PPP $)

41.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the office machinery and computer industry

42. BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry (million current PPP $)

42.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the pharmaceutical industry

43. BERD performed in the instruments industry (million current PPP $)

43.a. Percentage of BERD performed in the instruments industry

44. BERD performed in service industries (million current PPP $)

44.a. Percentage of BERD performed in service industries

Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD):

45. Higher Education Expenditure on R&D -- HERD (million current PPP $)

45.a. HERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

46. HERD as a percentage of GDP

47. HERD (million 2000 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

47.a. HERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

48. Percentage of HERD financed by industry

Higher Education R&D Personnel (FTE):

49. Higher Education researchers (FTE)

49.a. Higher Education researchers -- Compound annual growth rate

50. Higher Education researchers as a percentage of national total

51. Higher Education Total R&D personnel (FTE)

51.a. Higher Education Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

Government Expenditure on R&D:

52. Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D -- GOVERD (million current PPP $)

52.a. GOVERD (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

53. GOVERD as a percentage of GDP

54. GOVERD (million 2000 dollars -- constant prices and PPP)

54.a. GOVERD -- Compound annual growth rate (constant prices)

55. Percentage of GOVERD financed by industry

Government R&D Personnel (FTE):

56. Government researchers (FTE)

56.a. Government researchers -- Compound annual growth rate

57. Government researchers as a percentage of national total

58. Government Total R&D personnel (FTE)

58.a. Government Total R&D personnel -- Compound annual growth rate

Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D by socio-economic objectives (GBAORD):

59. Total Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D -- GBAORD (million current PPP $)

59.a. Total GBAORD (million national currency - for euro area: pre-EMU euro or EUR)

60. Defence Budget R&D as a percentage of Total GBAORD

61. Civil Budget R&D as a percentage of Total GBAORD

62.a.1. Civil GBAORD for Economic Development programmes (million current PPP $)

62.a.2. Economic Development programmes as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

62.b.1. Civil GBAORD for Health and Environment programmes (million current PPP $)

62.b.2. Health and Environment programmes as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

62.c.1. Civil GBAORD for Education and society (million current PPP $)

62.c.2 Education and Society as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

62.d.1. Civil GBAORD for Space programmes (million current PPP $)

62.d.2. Space programmes as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

62.e.1. Civil GBAORD for Non-oriented Research programmes (million current PPP $)

62.e.2. Non-oriented Research programmes as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

62.f.1. Civil GBAORD for General University Funds (GUF) (million current PPP $)

62.f.2. General University Funds (GUF) as a percentage of Civil GBAORD

R&D Expenditure of Foreign Affiliates:

63. R&D expenditure of foreign affiliates (million current PPP $)

63.a. R&D expenditure of foreign affiliates (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

64. R&D expenditure of foreign affiliates as a percentage of R&D expenditure of enterprises

Patents:

65. Number of triadic patent families (priority year)

65.a. Number of patent applications to the EPO (priority year)

65.b. Number of patent applications to the USPTO (filing year)

66. Share of countries in triadic patent families (priority year)

67. Number of patent applications to the EPO in the ICT sector - (priority year)

67.a. Number of patents granted at the USPTO in the ICT sector - (priority year)

68. Number of patent applications to the EPO in the biotechnology sector - (priority year)

68.a. Number of patents granted at the USPTO in the biotechnology sector - (priority year)

Technology Balance of Payments (TBP):

69. Technology balance of payments: Receipts (million current dollars)

69.a. Technology balance of payments: Receipts (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

70. Technology balance of payments: Payments (million current dollars)

70.a. Technology balance of payments: Payments (million national currency - for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)

71. Technology balance of payments: Payments as a percentage of GERD

International trade in highly R&D-intensive industries:

72. Export market share: Aerospace industry

72.a. Total imports: Aerospace industry (million current dollars)

72.b. Total exports: Aerospace industry (million current dollars)

73. Export market share: Electronic industry

73.a. Total imports: Electronic industry (million current dollars)

73.b. Total exports: Electronic industry (million current dollars)

74. Export market share: Office machinery and computer industry

74.a. Total imports: Office machinery and computer industry (million current dollars)

74.b. Total exports: Office machinery and computer industry (million current dollars)

75. Export market share: Pharmaceutical industry

75.a. Total imports: Pharmaceutical industry (million current dollars)

75.b. Total exports: Pharmaceutical industry (million current dollars)

76. Export market share: Instruments industry

76.a. Total imports: Instruments industry (million current dollars)

76.b. Total exports: Instruments industry (million current dollars)